otázka  |
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Culture as "the cultivation of plants" začať sa učiť
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" začať sa učiť
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" začať sa učiť
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste začať sa učiť
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... začať sa učiť
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? začať sa učiť
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? začať sa učiť
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First distinct in culture: začať sa učiť
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Second distinct in culture: začať sa učiť
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Third distinct in culture: začať sa učiť
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Fourth distinct in culture: začať sa učiť
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Fifth distinct in culture: začať sa učiť
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Sixth distinct in culture: začať sa učiť
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Seventh distinct in culture: začať sa učiť
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? začať sa učiť
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? začať sa učiť
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: začať sa učiť
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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začať sa učiť
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? začať sa učiť
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instruction and moral progress
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začať sa učiť
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care given to development of the mind
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začať sa učiť
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? začať sa učiť
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? začať sa učiť
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? začať sa učiť
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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Socio-cultural patterns... začať sa učiť
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... začať sa učiť
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... začať sa učiť
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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začať sa učiť
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začať sa učiť
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? začať sa učiť
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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začať sa učiť
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... začať sa učiť
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Culture is a system that has... začať sa učiť
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... začať sa učiť
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: začať sa učiť
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. začať sa učiť
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? začať sa učiť
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. začať sa učiť
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: začať sa učiť
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? začať sa učiť
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? začať sa učiť
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? začať sa učiť
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? začať sa učiť
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? začať sa učiť
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? začať sa učiť
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: začať sa učiť
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? začať sa učiť
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It includes numerous "languages".
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začať sa učiť
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? začať sa učiť
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? začať sa učiť
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? začať sa učiť
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? začať sa učiť
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... začať sa učiť
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? začať sa učiť
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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začať sa učiť
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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začať sa učiť
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anything that produces meaning.
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začať sa učiť
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? začať sa učiť
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? začať sa učiť
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution začať sa učiť
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: začať sa učiť
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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začať sa učiť
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... začať sa učiť
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Mass production process... začať sa učiť
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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začať sa učiť
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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začať sa učiť
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? začať sa učiť
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? začať sa učiť
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? začať sa učiť
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The first magazine published and when? začať sa učiť
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When was telegraph invented? začať sa učiť
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What was the first movie and when was it published? začať sa učiť
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? začať sa učiť
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? začať sa učiť
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When did the internet start working around? začať sa učiť
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začať sa učiť
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: začať sa učiť
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: začať sa učiť
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: začať sa učiť
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: začať sa učiť
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: začať sa učiť
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"favoured by people generally"
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začať sa učiť
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: začať sa učiť
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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začať sa učiť
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... začať sa učiť
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začať sa učiť
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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začať sa učiť
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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začať sa učiť
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... začať sa učiť
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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začať sa učiť
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? začať sa učiť
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? začať sa učiť
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... začať sa učiť
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: začať sa učiť
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... začať sa učiť
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začať sa učiť
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: začať sa učiť
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... začať sa učiť
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... začať sa učiť
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... začať sa učiť
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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začať sa učiť
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... začať sa učiť
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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začať sa učiť
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... začať sa učiť
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the authentic with commercial.
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začať sa učiť
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... začať sa učiť
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... začať sa učiť
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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začať sa učiť
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... začať sa učiť
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... začať sa učiť
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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začať sa učiť
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... začať sa učiť
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... začať sa učiť
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... začať sa učiť
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... začať sa učiť
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začať sa učiť
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... začať sa učiť
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... začať sa učiť
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The MP3 file format was developed in... začať sa učiť
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... začať sa učiť
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The Napster shut down in... začať sa učiť
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... začať sa učiť
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začať sa učiť
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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začať sa učiť
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: začať sa učiť
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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začať sa učiť
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... začať sa učiť
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... začať sa učiť
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... začať sa učiť
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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začať sa učiť
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... začať sa učiť
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The Frankfurt School moved to... začať sa učiť
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: začať sa učiť
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... začať sa učiť
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... začať sa učiť
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... začať sa učiť
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... začať sa učiť
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... začať sa učiť
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začať sa učiť
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... začať sa učiť
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Culture industry uses a... začať sa učiť
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... začať sa učiť
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... začať sa učiť
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... začať sa učiť
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... začať sa učiť
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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začať sa učiť
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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začať sa učiť
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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začať sa učiť
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endless stream of movies.
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začať sa učiť
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... začať sa učiť
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... začať sa učiť
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... začať sa učiť
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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začať sa učiť
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... začať sa učiť
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... začať sa učiť
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... začať sa učiť
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... začať sa učiť
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... začať sa učiť
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... začať sa učiť
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... začať sa učiť
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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začať sa učiť
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... začať sa učiť
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... začať sa učiť
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Youth subcultures express... začať sa učiť
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opposition to the generation gap.
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začať sa učiť
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Resistance is expressed through... začať sa učiť
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: začať sa učiť
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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začať sa učiť
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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začať sa učiť
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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začať sa učiť
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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začať sa učiť
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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začať sa učiť
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začať sa učiť
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... začať sa učiť
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Middle 1970s subculture was... začať sa učiť
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... začať sa učiť
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Early 1980s subculture was... začať sa učiť
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Another early 1980s subculture was... začať sa učiť
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The skinhead value system and style... začať sa učiť
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... začať sa učiť
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... začať sa učiť
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... začať sa učiť
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: začať sa učiť
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... začať sa učiť
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... začať sa učiť
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Post-subcultural generation... začať sa učiť
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... začať sa učiť
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... začať sa učiť
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usually followed by a slogan.
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are based on visual style.
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial začať sa učiť
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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